home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- Newsgroups: bit.software.international,news.answers
- Path: senator-bedfellow.mit.edu!bloom-beacon.mit.edu!usc!cs.utexas.edu!uunet!news.univie.ac.at!alijku11!aci.cvut.cz!cis.vutbr.cz!jbowyer
- From: jbowyer@cis.vutbr.cz (Bowyer Jeff)
- Subject: bit.international.software FAQ
- Organization: Technical University of Brno, Czech Republic
- Expires: Sat, 14 Aug 1993 00:00:00 GMT
- Date: Wed, 14 Jul 1993 19:19:30 GMT
- Message-ID: <1993Jul14.191930.20855@cis.vutbr.cz>
- X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.1 PL8]
- Summary: This posting contains a list of Frequently Asked
- Questions (and their answers) about the internationalization
- of software. It should be read by anyone who wishes to
- post to the bit.software.international newsgroup.
- Reply-To: jbowyer@cis.vutbr.cz
- Followup-To: poster
- Approved: news-answers-request@mit.edu
- Lines: 654
- Xref: senator-bedfellow.mit.edu bit.software.international:125 news.answers:10366
-
- Archive-name: i18n-faq
- Last-modified: 1993/07/12
-
-
- INSOFT-L
-
- The Internationalization of Software Mailing List
-
- Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
-
-
- June 1993
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Introduction
-
-
- If you have any suggested enhancements for this document, please
- send an electronic mail message to insoft-l-request@cis.vutbr.cz.
-
- The author of this document is not responsible for the accuracy of
- the information that it contains. Instead, he depends on readers
- of this document to provide up-to-date information.
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Table of Contents
-
-
- An * before a question indicates either
-
- 1. The question is new;
- 2. The answer associated with the question has been updated;
- 3. The anonymous ftp file described in the answer has been updated.
-
-
- Administrivia
- =============
-
- A01 What is the purpose of the INSOFT-L mailing list?
- A02 Is INSOFT-L a moderated mailing list?
- A03 How do I subscribe to INSOFT-L?
- A04 Who owns the INSOFT-L mailing list?
- A05 If I have an administrative problem with the INSOFT-L
- mailing list, whom do I contact?
- A06 Does INSOFT-L have an associated anonymous ftp server?
- A07 Does INSOFT-L have an associated mail server?
- A08 Where can I obtain the Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
- for INSOFT-L?
- A09 How can I obtain an archive file of messages previously
- distributed to the INSOFT-L mailing list?
- A10 Does INSOFT-L have a gateway to network news?
-
- Documentation
- =============
-
- * D01 Where can I obtain a list of publications related to
- the internationalization of software?
-
- Internationalization
- ====================
-
- I01 Where can I obtain a list of tools for internationalizing
- software?
- I02 Where can I obtain a list of internationalized software
- products?
- * I03 Where can I obtain a list of organizations related to
- internationalization?
-
- Jargon
- ======
-
- J01 What is e13n?
- J02 What is i18n?
- J03 What is j10n?
- J04 What is l10n?
- J05 What is NLS?
- * J06 What is XPG4?
-
- Localization
- ============
-
- * L01 Where can I obtain a list of tools for localizing
- software?
- * L02 Where can I obtain a list of fonts for localizing software?
- L03 Where can I obtain a list of localized software
- products?
- * L04 Where can I obtain a list of anonymous ftp sites that
- specialize in localized software?
- * L05 Where can I obtain information about localizing for
- Japanese?
-
- Techniques for Internationalization/Localization
- ================================================
-
- T01 How do I determine the date and time formats for
- a country?
- T02 How can I determine a user's international preferences?
- T03 Should shortcut keys be translated?
- T04 What UNIX programs and functions exist for
- internationalizing/localizing a program?
- T05 How should UNIX be configured to allow the user to read
- a man page in a preferred language?
- T06 How should UNIX man page directories be organized to
- support multiple languages?
- T07 Do standardized codes exist for specifying a language?
- * T08 Should abend messages be translated?
- * T09 How can I type foreign characters into X-Windows?
- T10 Do users prefer a program with an English interface
- or with their national language interface?
- * T11 What paper sizes are used internationally?
-
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Administrivia
- =============
-
-
- A01 What is the purpose of the INSOFT-L mailing list?
-
-
- INSOFT-L on LISTSERV@CIS.VUTBR.CZ Internationalization of Software
- Discussion List
-
- Internationalization of software relates to two subjects:
-
- 1. Software that is written so a user can easily change the
- language of the interface;
-
- 2. Versions of software, such as Czech WordPerfect, whose
- interface language differs from the original product.
-
- Topics discussed on this list include:
-
- -- Techniques for developing new software
-
- -- Techniques for converting existing software
-
- -- Internationalization tools
-
- -- Announcements of internationalized public domain software
-
- -- Announcements of foreign-language versions of commercial
- software
-
- -- Calls for papers
-
- -- Conference announcements
-
- -- References to documentation related to the
- internationalization of software
-
-
- A02 Is INSOFT-L a moderated mailing list?
-
- INSOFT-L is moderated.
-
-
- A03 How do I subscribe to INSOFT-L?
-
- To subscribe to INSOFT-L, send an electronic mail message to
- listserv@cis.vutbr.cz with the body containing the command:
-
- SUB INSOFT-L Yourfirstname Yourlastname
-
-
- A04 Who owns the INSOFT-L mailing list?
-
- Center for Computing and Information Services
- Technical University of Brno
- Udolni 19, 602 00 BRNO
- Czech Republic
-
-
- A05 If I have an administrative problem with the INSOFT-L
- mailing list, whom do I contact?
-
- To determine which commands the listserver software that manages
- INSOFT-L can process, send an electronic mail message to
- listserv@cis.vutbr.cz with the body containing the command:
-
- help
-
- If you perform functions such as subscribe and unsubscribe through the
- appropriate listserver command, you free INSOFT-L's list manager for
- other tasks.
-
- However, when you need administrative assistance that the listserver
- software cannot handle, please send an electronic mail message to
- insoft-l-request@cis.vutbr.cz
-
-
- A06 Does INSOFT-L have an associated anonymous ftp server?
-
- rhino.cis.vutbr.cz (147.229.3.10)
-
- The upper-level directory for INSOFT-L files is pub/lists/insoft-l.
-
- The file "master-index" in pub/lists/insoft-l contains a listing of
- all available files. Every directory contains a file named 00README,
- which describes all subdirectories and files in that directory.
-
-
- A07 Does INSOFT-L have an associated mail server?
-
- For INSOFT-L subscribers who do not have a direct Internet connection,
- you can get any files that are stored on our anonymous ftp server by
- sending a mail message request.
-
- For more information, send a mail message to
-
- mailserv@cis.vutbr.cs
-
- The body of your mail message should only include the command
-
- help
-
- Notes:
-
- 1. This mail server is home grown. It uses a program named
- "deliver" to intercept mail messages sent to
- mailserv@cis.vutbr.cs, but I coded all of the command
- processing. If you find any bugs (who me?) or want to
- suggest any enhancements (it's very rudimentary, but it
- works), please send your comments directly to me:
-
- jbowyer@cis.vutbr.cs
-
- 2. The mail server program depends on a good address in the
- From: header of your mail message. Before you use the mail
- server, please make sure that the From: header in your mail
- message contains a good address (i.e. a full Internet, BITNET,
- or Usenet address)
-
-
- A08 Where can I obtain the Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
- for INSOFT-L?
-
- Anonymous FTP
-
- Site: rhino.cis.vutbr.cz (147.229.3.10)
- Directory: pub/lists/insoft-l
- File: faq
-
- Network News
-
- news.answers
-
- INSOFT-L's list manager will notify the list whenever an updated FAQ
- becomes available.
-
-
- A09 How can I obtain an archive file of messages previously
- distributed to the INSOFT-L mailing list?
-
- An archive file will be created on the first day of each month,
- and it will contain all messages distributed on INSOFT-L
- during the previous month.
-
- There are two ways to obtain an archive file:
-
- 1) Use anonymous ftp to connect to rhino.cis.vutbr.cs.
- The archive files for INSOFT-L will be stored in the
- directory
-
- pub/lists/insoft-l/archive
-
-
- 2) You can obtain an index of all available archive files
- by sending an email message to listserv@cis.vutbr.cs
- (Note: please do not send the email message to
- insoft-l@cis.vutbr.cs). The body of your message
- should only contain the command:
-
- index insoft-l
-
- After you review the index, you can request a specific
- archive by sending an email message to
- listserv@cis.vutbr.cs (Note: please do not send the
- email message to insoft-l@cis.vutbr.cs). The body of
- your message should only contain the command:
-
- get insoft-l name_of_archive_file
-
- The listserver software will email the archive file to
- you.
-
-
- A10 Does INSOFT-L have a gateway to network news?
-
- The name of INSOFT-L's gateway to network news is
- bit.software.international.
-
- This gateway is bi-directional, meaning:
-
- 1. If someone posts a message on bit.software.international,
- subscribers to the INSOFT-L mailing list will receive a copy;
-
- 2. If an INSOFT-L subscriber submits a message to the mailing
- list, a copy will be posted to bit.software.international
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Documentation
- =============
-
-
- D01 Where can I obtain a list of publications related to
- the internationalization of software?
-
- Anonymous FTP
-
- Site: rhino.cis.vutbr.cz (147.229.3.10)
- Directory: pub/lists/insoft-l/doc
- File: publications
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Internationalization
- ====================
-
-
- I01 Where can I obtain a list of tools for internationalizing
- software?
-
- Anonymous FTP
-
- Site: rhino.cis.vutbr.cz (147.229.3.10)
- Directory: pub/lists/insoft-l/doc/products
- File: internationalization.tools
-
-
- I02 Where can I obtain a list of internationalized software
- products?
-
- Anonymous FTP
-
- Site: rhino.cis.vutbr.cz (147.229.3.10)
- Directory: pub/lists/insoft-l/doc/products
- File: internationalized
-
-
- I03 Where can I obtain a list of organizations related to
- internationalization?
-
- Anonymous FTP
-
- Site: rhino.cis.vutbr.cz (147.229.3.10)
- Directory: pub/lists/insoft-l/doc
- File: organizations
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Jargon
- ======
-
-
- J01 What is e13n?
-
- e13n stands for "europeanization" (count the letters
- between e and n).
-
-
- J02 What is i18n?
-
- i18n stands for "internationalization" (count the letters
- between i and n).
-
-
- J03 What is j10n?
-
- j10n stands for "japanization" (count the letters
- between j and n).
-
-
- J04 What is l10n?
-
- l10n stands for "localization" (count the letters
- between l and n).
-
-
- J05 What is NLS?
-
- "National Language Support" . . . the ability of a software
- program to handle more than one dialogue language
-
-
- J06 What is XPG4?
-
- Version 4 of the _X/Open Portability Guide_
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Localization
- ============
-
-
- L01 Where can I obtain a list of tools for localizing
- software?
-
- Anonymous FTP
-
- Site: rhino.cis.vutbr.cz (147.229.3.10)
- Directory: pub/lists/insoft-l/doc/products
- File: localization.tools
-
-
- L02 Where can I obtain a list of fonts for localizing software?
-
- Anonymous FTP
-
- Site: rhino.cis.vutbr.cz (147.229.3.10)
- Directory: pub/lists/insoft-l/doc/products
- File: fonts
-
-
- L03 Where can I obtain a list of localized software
- products?
-
- Anonymous FTP
-
- Site: rhino.cis.vutbr.cz (147.229.3.10)
- Directory: pub/lists/insoft-l/doc/products
- File: localized
-
- In addition, major software companies will have their localized
- products listed in a separate file. For example, a list of
- Microsoft's products is available:
-
- Anonymous FTP
-
- Site: rhino.cis.vutbr.cz (147.229.3.10)
- Directory: pub/lists/insoft-l/doc/products
- File: microsoft.txt
-
-
- L04 Where can I obtain a list of anonymous ftp sites that
- specialize in localized software?
-
- Anonymous FTP
-
- Site: rhino.cis.vutbr.cz (147.229.3.10)
- Directory: pub/lists/insoft-l/doc
- File: localized.ftp.sites
-
-
- L05 Where can I obtain information about localizing for
- Japanese?
-
- Anonymous FTP
-
- Site: rhino.cis.vutbr.cz (147.229.3.10)
- Directory: pub/lists/insoft-l/doc/japanese
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Techniques for Internationalization/Localization
- ================================================
-
-
- T01 How do I determine the date and time formats for
- a country?
-
- MS-DOS
-
- See page 395 of the English MS-DOS 5 user's guide
-
-
- T02 How can I determine a user's international preferences?
-
- MS-DOS
-
- Use interrupt 21h with the ah register set to 65h. This
- interrupt returns extended country information.
-
- Microsoft Windows
-
- In Microsoft Windows, it is relatively easy to have your
- program use the GetProfileString API function to obtain the
- user's international preferences from the WIN.INI file.
- The following example shows various international settings
- from WIN.INI that should be taken into account:
-
- [intl]
- sLanguage=enu
- sCountry=United States
- iCountry=1
- iDate=0
- iTime=0
- iTLZero=0
- iCurrency=0
- iCurrDigits=2
- iNegCurr=0
- iLzero=1
- iDigits=2
- iMeasure=1
- s1159=AM
- s2359=PM
- sCurrency=$
- sThousand=,
- sDecimal=.
- sDate=/
- sTime=:
- sList=,
- sShortDate=M/d/yy
- sLongDate=dddd, MMMM dd, yyyy
-
- UNIX
-
- Use the LC_LOCALE environment variable.
-
- In System V.3/V.4, use the LANG environment variable to
- determine the language and the NLSPATH environment variable to
- determine the directory path to message catalogues.
-
- [Note: A program could override these default values with a
- command-line parameter.]
-
-
- T03 Should shortcut keys be translated?
-
- Allow the user three choices:
-
- 1. A set of shortcut keys for the language used;
- 2. A set of shortcut keys that retains the original language
- conventions;
- 3. Allow the user to establish a personal set of shortcut keys.
-
- Some software producers, however, mandate that the shortcut keys not
- be changed in a localized version.
-
-
- T04 What UNIX programs and functions exist for
- internationalizing/localizing a program?
-
- [Note: Not all of the listed programs and functions are available
- on all UNIX systems.]
-
- Programs
-
- gencat to generate a formatted message catalogue
- mkstr to create a file containing messages extracted
- from C source code
- msgfmt to create a message object file from a portable
- message file
- xmodmap to remap the keyboard
-
- Functions
-
- catopen to open a message catalogue
- catclose to close a message catalogue
- catgets to read a message from a message catalogue
- catgetmsg to read a message from a message catalogue
- (superseded by catgets)
-
-
- T05 How should UNIX be configured to allow the user to read
- a man page in a preferred language?
-
- Use the MANPATH environment variable.
-
-
- T06 How should UNIX man page directories be organized to
- support multiple languages?
-
- Put the man pages for each language in a separate directory
- hierarchy. For example, French man pages could be stored in
- /usr/man/French/man1, /usr/man/French/man2, etc.
-
-
- T07 Do standardized codes exist for specifying a language?
-
- ISO
-
- ISO 639:1988 uses two-letter language codes. For example,
- "ga" is the code for Irish Gaelic.
-
- MS-DOS
-
- WordPerfect uses two-letter codes. For example, "GA" is the
- code for Scottish Gaelic.
-
- Microsoft Windows
-
- Microsoft Word for Windows uses the name of the language in its
- own language. For example, the code for Swedish is "Svenska".
-
-
- T08 Should abend messages be translated?
-
- Can the user fix the problem?
- Then tell him what it is in his language.
-
- Will the problem end up being referred back
- to headquarters' customer support, qa or development?
- Then keep the error message in English, you'll only
- lose meaning in round-trip translating.
-
- Are you in a desperate hurry, or have you already
- gone over budget?
- Then focus on getting the major part of the user interface,
- where the user spends 95% of his time, perfect. Take the
- gamble that obscure error messages will never be triggered.
- If anyone cares passionately enough to complain, translate
- the messages for the next release.
-
- We often precede the actual error message in English with the
- word "Error" in the local language.
-
- Althea Bertrand (althea@cicero.hq.ileaf.com)
- Interleaf, Inc.
-
-
- Include a header in the user's language informing
- him/her that this is an obscure error, some advice as to
- what to do (whom to call?) and that technical information
- will follow (which can then be in ~any~ language).
-
- Nils-Erik Gustafsson (euaneg@eua.ericsson.se)
-
-
- See INSOFT-L's jun1993 archive for several answers to this
- question.
-
-
- T09 How can I type foreign characters into X-Windows?
-
- Use xmodmap(1X)
-
-
- T10 Do users prefer a program with an English interface
- or with their national language interface?
-
- Most users would prefer an interface with their national
- language. In fact, in some countries (e.g. France), there may
- exist a strong cultural bias against foreign languages.
-
- Perhaps the best solution is to provide users with a choice.
- They can specify a preferred language through an environment
- variable or in an initialization file, but switch to a
- different interface while running the program.
-
- (See FAQ question T02)
-
-
- T11 What paper sizes are used internationally?
-
- Anonymous FTP
-
- Site: rhino.cis.vutbr.cz (147.229.3.10)
- Directory: pub/lists/insoft-l/doc/standards
- File: paper.txt
-